The Carcinogenic Potency Project

1,4-Dioxane (CAS 123-91-1)
SMILES, InChI and Structure are below.
Rats and Mice: Cancer Test Summary
Rat Target Sites Mouse Target Sites TD50 (mg/kg/day)
Male Female Male Female Rat Mouse
liv mgl nas per sub liv mgl nas liv liv 267m,v 204m,v

Key to the Table Above

Positivity: For each chemical with a positive (carcinogenic) experiment in the Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB), results are included on carcinogenic potency (TD50) in each species and target sites in males and females. Positivity is determined by an author’s opinion in a published paper. If all experimental results in the CDPB are negative in a sex-species group, “no positive” appears. If the CPDB has no experiments in the sex-species group, “no test” appears. The summary presents the strongest evidence of carcinogenicity in each group. If there are both positive and negative experiments in a sex-species, the negative results are ignored in this Summary Table.
Target Site Codes:   liv = liver. mgl = mammary gland. nas = nasal cavity (includes tissues of the nose, nasal turbinates, paranasal sinuses and trachea). per = peritoneal cavity. sub = subcutaneous tissue. Target sites are listed if any author of published experimental results concluded that tumors were induced in that organ by the test agent. If there is more than one positive experiment in a sex-species, target sites listed may be from more than one experiment, e.g. if liver and lung are both listed, then liver may have been a target in one experiment and lung in another.
TD50: Our standardized measure of carcinogenic potency, TD50, is the daily dose rate in mg/kg body weight/day to induce tumors in half of test animals that would have remained tumor-free at zero dose. Whenever there is more than one positive experiment in a species, the reported TD50 value is a Harmonic Mean calculated using the TD50 value from the most potent target site in each positive experiment.
Superscripts:   m = There is more than one positive experiment in the species, and TD50 values from each positive experiment are used in the calculation of the reported Harmonic mean of TD50. v = Variation is greater than ten-fold among statistically significant (two-tailed p<0.1) TD50 values from different positive experiments.

The Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB) is a unique and widely used international resource of the results of 6540 chronic, long-term animal cancer tests on 1547 chemicals. The CPDB provides easy access to the bioassay literature, with qualitative and quantitative analyses of both positive and negative experiments that have been published over the past 50 years in the general literature through 2001 and by the National Cancer Institute/National Toxicology Program through 2004. The CPDB standardizes the diverse literature of cancer bioassays that vary widely in protocol, histopathological examination and nomenclature, and in the published author’s choices of what information to provide in their papers. Results are reported in the CPDB for tests in rats, mice, hamsters, dogs, and nonhuman primates.

For each experiment, information is included on species, strain, and sex of test animal; features of experimental protocol such as route of administration, duration of dosing, dose level(s) in mg/kg body weight/day, and duration of experiment; experimental results are provided on target organ, tumor type, and tumor incidence; carcinogenic potency (TD50) and its statistical significance; shape of the dose-response, author’s opinion as to carcinogenicity, and literature citation.

Only tests with dosing for at least ¼ the standard lifespan of the species and experiment length at least ½ the lifespan are included in the CPDB. Only routes of administration with whole body exposure are included. Doses are standardized, average dose rates in mg/kg/day. A description of methods used in the CPDB to standardize the diverse literature of animal cancer tests is presented for: 1) Criteria for inclusion of experiments 2) Standardization of average daily dose levels and 3) TD50 estimation for a standard lifespan. See Methods for other details.

TD50 provides a standardized quantitative measure that can be used for comparisons and analyses of many issues in carcinogenesis. The range of TD50 values across chemicals that are rodent carcinogens is more than 100 million-fold. More than half the chemicals tested are positive in at least one experiment.

A plot of all results on each experiment in the CPDB for this chemical is presented below. These results are the source information for the Cancer Test Summary table above.

1,4-Dioxane: All Experiments and Citations in CPDB

The definition of each code in the plot below will appear in a pop-up window when the field name in the header line is clicked, e.g., Strain, Site, Path. Each numbered line starts a new experiment and reports protocol information in black. Average daily dose-rates per kg body weight per day are in green. Remaining lines report experimental results in blue.

Abbreviations of fields in header line: # = the line number in the plot of all CPDB chemicals; Xpo = duration of dosing; Xpt = duration of experiment; Site = tissue; Path = tumor type; DR = dose-response; AuOp = author’s opinion about carcinogenicity; LoConf, UpConf = confidence limits (99%) on TD50; Inc = tumor incidence for each dose group.

See Guide to reading the plot for details on each field, using an example of one experiment.

See Help to improve readability, or to fit the plot onto the screen or a printed page.



Chemical (Synonym) CAS
# Species Sex Strain Route Xpo+Xpt PaperNum        0 Dose  1 Dose 2 Dose  3 Dose          Literature Reference or NCI/NTP:Site Path
Site Path Notes   TD50  DR Pval    AuOp LoConf UpConf   Cntrl   1 Inc  2 Inc   3 Inc                                                        Brkly Code



1,4-DIOXANE  (p-dioxane) 123-91-1
2416 M f b6c wat 90w90 TR80 :                        0    984.mg  1.99gm
 liv MXA        594.mg * P<.0005 c  426.mg 861.mg   0/50   21/50   35/50                                              liv:hpa,hpc.
 liv hpc        938.mg / P<.0005 c  639.mg 1.45gm   0/50   12/50   29/50
 TBA MXB        847.mg * P<.0005    501.mg 2.19gm  15/50   31/50   35/50
 liv MXB        594.mg * P<.0005    426.mg 861.mg   0/50   21/50   35/50                                          liv:hpa,hpc,nnd.
 lun MXB        71.9gm * P<.8       6.34gm n.s.s.   3/50    0/50    3/50                                              lun:a/a,a/c.
2417 M m b6c wat 90w91 TR80 :                        0    820.mg  1.65gm
 liv hpc        1.42gm * P<.0005 c  863.mg 3.66gm   4/50   18/50   24/50
 liv MXA        1.46gm * P<.0005 c  833.mg 5.11gm   8/50   19/50   28/50                                              liv:hpa,hpc.
 --- MXA        3.15gm \ P<.005     1.29gm 22.1gm   0/50    6/50   (3/50)                                             ---:hem,hes. S
 --- lym        3.93gm \ P<.009     1.49gm 16.3gm   0/50    5/50   (2/50)                                                          S
 TBA MXB        1.88gm * P<.03      841.mg n.s.s.  19/50   28/50   33/50
 liv MXB        1.46gm * P<.0005    833.mg 5.11gm   8/50   19/50   28/50                                          liv:hpa,hpc,nnd.
 lun MXB        no dre   P=1.       8.27gm n.s.s.   8/50    3/50    3/50                                              lun:a/a,a/c.
2418 M f bd1 wat 24m24 2444                          0    99.0mg  396.mg  1.58gm          Yamazaki;icmr,1993,193-198;1994/pers.comm.
 liv mix e      65.5mg Z P<.0005 +  40.8mg 117.mg   4/50   34/50  (41/50   46/50)
 liv hpa e      83.1mg Z P<.0005 +  50.5mg 159.mg   4/50   30/50  (20/50    2/50)
 liv hpc e      404.mg * P<.0005 +  292.mg 570.mg   0/50    6/50   30/50   45/50
 nas adc e      72.1gm * P<.2       11.7gm n.s.s.   0/50    0/50    0/50    1/50
2419 M m bd1 wat 24m24 2444                          0    82.5mg  330.mg  1.32gm
 liv hpa e      519.mg Z P<.003  +  262.mg 2.99gm   7/50   16/50   22/50   (8/50)
 liv mix e      982.mg * P<.002  +  480.mg 5.39gm  21/50   31/50   37/50   39/50
 liv hpc e      1.04gm * P<.0005 +  581.mg 2.79gm  15/50   20/50   23/50   36/50
 nas ene e      60.1gm * P<.2       9.78gm n.s.s.   0/50    0/50    0/50    1/50
2420 R f osm wat 26m26 TR80 :                        0    284.mg  569.mg
 MXB MXB        126.mg * P<.0005    69.7mg 218.mg   0/35   18/35   18/35                                         liv:hpa; ntu:sqc. C
 liv hpa        160.mg * P<.0005 c  79.1mg 323.mg   0/35   10/35   11/35
 ntu sqc        476.mg * P<.0005 c  249.mg 970.mg   0/35   10/35    8/35
 TBA MXB        40.5mg \ P<.0005    20.0mg 108.mg  26/35   28/35  (22/35)
 liv MXB        124.mg * P<.0005    60.1mg 263.mg   0/35   10/35   12/35                                          liv:hpa,hpc,nnd.
2421 R m osm wat 26m26 TR80 :                        0    250.mg  500.mg
 ntu sqc        168.mg * P<.0005 c  94.3mg 304.mg   0/35   12/35   16/35
 TBA MXB        114.mg * P<.0005    59.3mg 339.mg  21/35   18/35   27/35
 liv MXB        796.mg * P<.2       190.mg n.s.s.   1/35    2/35    1/35                                          liv:hpa,hpc,nnd.
2422 R m cdr wat 56w69 124                           0    305.mg  406.mg  569.mg  731.mg            Hoch-Ligeti;bjca,24,164-167;1969
 nas sqc rh     2.95gm * P<.07   +  1.20gm n.s.s.   0/30    1/30    1/30    2/30    2/30
2423 R f f3d wat 24m24 2444                          0    11.3mg  56.6mg  283.mg          Yamazaki;icmr,1993,193-198;1994/pers.comm.
 liv mix e      167.mg Z P<.0005 +  113.mg 258.mg   1/50    0/50    5/50   40/50
 liv hpa e      182.mg Z P<.0005 +  123.mg 283.mg   1/50    0/50    5/50   38/50
 mgl ade e      772.mg * P<.008  +  337.mg 24.1gm   6/50    7/50   10/50   16/50
 liv hpc e      1.12gm * P<.0005 +  547.mg 2.89gm   0/50    0/50    0/50   10/50
 nas mal e      1.43gm * P<.0005 +  648.mg 4.19gm   0/50    0/50    0/50    8/50
 nas sqc e      1.65gm * P<.0005 +  712.mg 5.28gm   0/50    0/50    0/50    7/50
 nas ene e      12.2gm * P<.2       1.98gm n.s.s.   0/50    0/50    0/50    1/50
2424 R m f3d wat 24m24 2444                          0    9.90mg  49.5mg  248.mg
 liv mix e      189.mg * P<.0005 +  126.mg 297.mg   0/50    2/50    4/50   33/50
 per mso e      246.mg * P<.0005 +  157.mg 430.mg   2/50    2/50    5/50   28/50
 liv hpa e      279.mg * P<.0005 +  179.mg 483.mg   0/50    2/50    4/50   24/50
 liv hpc e      676.mg * P<.0005 +  363.mg 1.47gm   0/50    0/50    0/50   14/50
 sub fib e      922.mg * P<.009  +  392.mg 34.7gm   5/50    3/50    5/50   12/50
 nas mal e      1.44gm * P<.0005 +  623.mg 4.62gm   0/50    0/50    0/50    7/50
 nas sqc e      3.49gm * P<.009  +  1.06gm 99.6gm   0/50    0/50    0/50    3/50
 mgl fba e      3.07gm * P<.06   +  906.mg n.s.s.   1/50    1/50    0/50    4/50
 nas srn e      5.27gm * P<.04      1.30gm n.s.s.   0/50    0/50    0/50    2/50
 nas ene e      10.6gm * P<.2       1.73gm n.s.s.   0/50    0/50    0/50    1/50
 nas rhb e      10.6gm * P<.2       1.73gm n.s.s.   0/50    0/50    0/50    1/50
2425 R b she wat 24m24 125                           0    5.29mg  52.9mg  529.mg                         Kociba;txap,30,275-286;1974
 liv mix e      2.12gm * P<.0005 +  1.08gm 5.36gm   2/106   0/110   1/106  12/66
 liv hpc e      2.50gm * P<.0005 +  1.22gm 6.73gm   1/106   0/110   1/106  10/66
 ntu sqc e      15.9gm * P<.006  +  4.82gm 231.gm   0/120   0/120   0/120   3/120
 tba mix e      no dre   P=1.       4.33gm n.s.s.  31/120  34/120  28/120  21/120
2426 R b wis wat 63w64 104                           0    521.mg                                          Argus;jnci,35,949-958;1965
 liv hpt        515.mg   P<.05   +  209.mg n.s.s.   0/9     6/26
 tba mix        690.mg   P<.4       206.mg n.s.s.   1/9     7/26
Mutagenicity in Salmonella: negative
SMILES Code for 1,4-Dioxane: C1COCCO1
InChI Code for 1,4-Dioxane: InChI=1/C4H8O2/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1/h1-4H2
Source for SMILES and InChI: USEPA Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity (DSSTox) Database
Chemical Structure for 1,4-Dioxane: Chemical Structure
Source for structure: National Library of Medicine ChemIDPlus

See full CPDB Summary Table on 1547 chemicals. See Full CPDB for all results on 6540 experiments of 1547 chemicals.

A complete list of CPDB chemicals, which is searchable by name or by CAS number, is available here.

For a compendium of CPDB results organized by target organ, which lists all chemicals in each species that induced tumors in each of 35 organs, see Summary Table by Target Organ.

The CPDB is available in several formats that permit printing and downloading into spreadsheets and statistical databases.

  1. A plot of the CPDB presents results of 1547 experiments on 6540 chemicals in an easily readable format that has been used in publications of the CPDB.
  2. A Screen version plot for use on a single computer screen, with the same data.
  3. Excel version of the same data.
  4. Tab-separated versions of the same data, which can be easily read into databases.

A Supplementary Dataset gives details on dosing and survival for each experiment.

Relatively precise estimates of the lower confidence limit on the TD10 (LTD10) are readily calculated from the TD50 and its lower confidence limit, which are reported in the CPDB. For researchers and regulatory agencies interested in LTD10 values, we provide them in an Excel spreadsheet.

PDF versions of our publications of analyses using the CPDB are available, organized by year and by research topic.

Carcinogenic Potency Database Project (CPDB) Home Page
For more information about this Web Page, contact slone.cpdb@gmail.com.
Last updated: October 3, 2007